FIVE NEW IDEAS ABOUT EMOTION

RESUMEN DE LA CONFERENCIA

Five new ideas about the nature, origin, and function of emotion have appeared in recent years, including:

(1)Nature of emotion:  Traditional views of emotions as innate affect programs have been challenged.  A new view sees emotions as emergent states in which behaviors and expressions are components rather than consequences of emotions.

(2)Origin:  Although affective reactions may be unconscious, automatic, and low level, through iterative reprocessing they become conscious, cognitively-shaped emotional states.

(3)Behavior:  Since conscious emotional experience is slow, its impact on behavior is indirect.

(4)Cognition:  Many explanations have been proposed for how affective reactions influence thinking, but recent research suggests a simple alternative.

(5)Perception:  Emotions serve multiple functions, but recent research suggests that emotions provide information and motivation about resource management.

Gerald L. Clore (Texas Phd; Stanford Postdoc) is Commonwealth Professor of Psychology at the University of Virginia and formerly Alumni Distinguished Professor at the University of Illinois.

His research focuses on emotion and its cognitive consequences. He co-authored The Cognitive Structure of Emotions, a general theory of how specific emotions represent important psychological situations, and how thoughts intensify them. The theory is applied mainly in computer science as the artificial (emotional) intelligence of the virtual persons in computer games, interactive training modules, and other programs.

Clore’s research concerns the Affect-as-Information hypothesis — that people’s emotional reactions provide embodied information about the value and urgency of events. That information then regulates cognition, motivation, attention, and memory.

He has served as Associate Editor of Cognition and Emotion, as core faculty of the NIMH Consortium on Emotion, and as Visiting Professor at Harvard. He has also been a visiting scholar at Harvard, Oxford, and New York University and a Fellow of the Centers for Advanced Study at Illinois and Stanford, and of the Rockefeller Center in Bellagio, Italy.

In 2010 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 2013 he received the William James Award for lifetime scientific achievement from the Association for Psychological Science.

10 Publicaciones destacadas de Gerald Clore

• Ortony, A., Clore, G.L., & Collins. (1996). La estructura cognitiva de las emociones.  Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press [Traducción de la edición de  1988]
• Huntsinger, J.R., Isbell, L.M., & Clore, G.L. (2014). The Affective control of thought: Malleable, not fixed. Psychological Review. 121, 600-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037669
• Sherman, G.D., Haidt, J., & Clore, G.L. (2012). The faintest speck of dirt: Disgust enhances impurity detection. Psychological Science. 23,1506–1514
• Clore, G.L. & Robinson, M.D. (2012). Five new ideas about emotion and their implications for social-personality psychology. In K. Deaux & M. Snyder (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology (pp. 315-336). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Huntsinger, J. R., Clore, G. L. & Bar-Anan, Y. (2010). Mood and global-local focus: Priming a local focus reverses the link between mood and global-local processing. Emotion, 10, 722-726. PMID: 21038956
• Schwarz, N. & Clore, G.L. (2007). Feelings as information. In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social Psychology. A Handbook of Basic Principles.  2nd Ed. (pp. 385-407).  New York: Guilford Press.
• Robinson, M. D. & Clore, G. L. (2002). Beliefs, situations, and their interactions: Towards a model of emotion reporting. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 934–960.
• Clore, G. L., Wyer R. S., Dienes, B., Gasper, K., Gohm, C. L., & Isbell, L. (2001). Affective Feelings as Feedback: Some Cognitive Consequences.  In L. L. Martin & G. L. Clore (Eds.).  Theories of mood and cognition: A user’s guidebook (pp. 27-62).  Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Clore, G. L. (1992). Cognitive phenomenology: Feelings and the construction of judgment. In  L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 133-163).  Hillsdale, N.J.:  Erlbaum.
• Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well- being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513

FEMINIZACIÓN DEL HOMBRE Y PREJUICIO SEXUAL

RESUMEN DE LA CONFERENCIA

Numerosos estudios muestran que en general los hombres manifiestan actitudes mas negativas hacia los homosexuales (prejuicio sexual) que las mujeres, y que estas actitudes son más negativas hacia los hombres homosexuales que hacia las mujeres homosexuales. En la primera parte de mi intervención presentaré diversas investigaciones que muestran que estas diferencias de género se explican en gran medida en función de las normas tradicionales que siguen rigiendo la masculinidad (aquello que define qué es ser un verdadero hombre), y en particular en función de las normas de anti-feminidad (un hombre no debe ser femenino) y de heterosexualidad (un hombre no debe ser homosexual). En la segunda parte de mi intervención analizaré las consecuencias de la evolución social de los roles y de las normas de género sobre el prejuicio sexual de los hombres. Desde que el movimiento feminista empezara a cuestionar los roles tradicionales de género y los criterios tradicionales que definen la masculinidad, se está observando un ligero cambio tanto en el comportamiento de los hombres como en la definición de la masculinidad que apunta hacia una relativa feminización del hombre. En mi intervención desarrollaré tres hipótesis (conformismo, reacción y compensación) que pueden avanzarse para explicar las consecuencias de dicha relativa feminización del hombre en la expresión del prejuicio sexual. Finalmente presentaré una serie de estudios experimentales realizados con el fin de poner a prueba estas hipótesis.

Juan M. Falomir Pichastor es doctor en psicología por la Universidad de Valencia (1997) y profesor de psicología social en la Universidad de Ginebra (Suiza).

Actualmente es editor asociado de la ‘Revista de Psicología Social’ y del ‘European Journal of Social Psychology’.

Su actividad docente e investigadora se centra en el campo de la influencia social y el cambio de actitudes.

Su actividad investigadora aborda temas generales como las relaciones entre grupos (prejuicio y discriminación hacia los inmigrantes y los homosexuales), promoción de la salud (el consumo de tabaco o el don de órganos) y la justicia social (motivaciones punitivas, castigo colectivo o el efecto de pedir disculpas).

Publicaciones destacadas de Juan M. Falomir Pichasto

• Falomir, J. M., Mugny, G., & Berent, J. (2016). The side effect of egalitarian norms: Reactive group distinctiveness, biological essentialism and sexual prejudice. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations.
• Pereira, A., Berent, J., Falomir, J. M., Staerklé, C., & Butera, F. (2015). Collective punishment depends on collective responsibility and political organization of the target group. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 4-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.001
• Falomir, J. M., & Hegarty, P. (2014). Maintaining distinctions under threat: Heterosexual men endorse the biological theory of sexuality when equality is the norm. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53, 731-751. DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12051
• Falomir, J. M., & Frederic, N. (2013). The dark side of heterogeneous ingroup identities: National identification, perceived threat, and prejudice against immigrants. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), 72-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.016
• Falomir, J. M., Mugny, G., Berent, J, Pereira, A., & Krasteva, D. (2013). Antismoking Norm and Smokers’ Antismoking Attitudes: The Interplay Between Personal and Group-Based Self-Esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 192-200. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.1935
• Falomir, J. M., Pereira, A., Staerklé, C., & Butera, F. (2012). Do All Lives Have the Same Value? Support for International Military Interventions as a Function of Political System and Public Opinion of the Target Country. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15, 347-362. DOI: 10.1177/1368430211424919
• Falomir, J. M., Staerklé, C., Pereira, A., & Butera, F. (2012). Democracy as Justification for Waging War: The Role of Public Support. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3 (3), 324-332. DOI: 10.1177/1948550611420172
• Falomir, J. M., Mugny, G., Quiamzade, A., & Gabarrot, F. (2011). A regulatory fit perspective in majority versus minority support to attitudes towards homosexuals. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14, 45-62. DOI: 10.1177/1368430210376077
• Falomir, J. M., & Mugny, G. (2009). “I’m not gay…I’m a real man!”: Heterosexual men’s gender self-esteem and sexual prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1233-1243. DOI: 10.1177/0146167209338072
• Falomir, J. M., Gabarrot, F., & Mugny, G. (2009). Group motives in threatening contexts: When a loyalty conflict paradoxically reduces the influence of an anti-discrimination ingroup norm. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 196-206. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.520
• Falomir, J. M., Toscani, L., & Huyghues Despointes, S. (2009). Determinants of flu vaccination among nurses: The role of identification with nurse’s group. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 42-58. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00381.x
• Falomir, J. M., Staerklé, C., Depuiset, M-A., & Butera, F. (2007). Perceived Legitimacy of Collective Punishment as a Function of Democratic versus Non-Democratic Group Structure. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10(4), 565-579. DOI: 10.1177/1368430207081543
• Falomir, J. M., Staerklé, C., Depuiset, M-A., & Butera, F. (2005). Democracy Justifies the Means: Political Group Structure Moderates the Perceived Legitimacy of Intergroup Aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1683-1695. DOI: 10.1177/0146167205278260